Psocodea Species File (Version 5.0/5.0)        Home       Search       Taxa       Key       Help       Wiki

Taxa hierarchy  

infraorder Phthiraptera

• Distribution:
  •  
• Ecology:
  • Terrestrial.
• Citations (67):
  • Haeckel. 1896. Systematische Phylogenie der wirbellosen Thiere (Invertebrata) 703 >> Note: New order.
  • Snodgrass. 1899. Occasional Papers of the California Academy of Sciences VI:145-224 + 8 pls.
  • Adie. 1915. Indian J. Med. Res. ii:679
  • Harrison, L. 1915. Parasitology 8(1):101-127  
  • Thompson, G. B. 1934. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 70:136
  • Elchler. 1941. Archiv fuer Naturgeschichte Leipzig NF B10:345-398
  • Hopkins, G. H. E. 1942. Ibis 6:94-106
  • Blagoveshtchensky. 1945. Robot 117-118
  • Boyd, E. M. & Chutter. 1948. Anatomical Record 101(4):687-688
  • Clay, T. 1949. Nature 164(617):617
  • Clay, T. 1951. Proceedings of the Xth International Ornithological Congress  
  • Voigt. 1952. Mitteilungen aus dem Geologischen Staatsinstitut in Hamburg 21:59-74 >> Note: Eggs on hair in amber.
  • Bequaert. 1953. Entomologica Americana 32:116-129, 162-173, 216-217, 222-223
  • Clay, T. 1956. In Tuxen [Ed.]. Taxonomist's Glossary of Genitalia in Insects. 145-148
  • Hopkins, G. H. E. 1957. First Symp Host Specif Paras Vertebr Neuchatel 88-119
  • von Kéler. 1957. Zeitschrift für Parasitenkunde 18(2):55-160
  • Ansari. 1958. Annales de Parasitologie humaine et comparée 33:267-283
  • Zlotorzycka. 1958. Wiadomosci Parazytologiczne 4(5-6):787-789
  • Blagoveshtchensky. 1959. Zoologieeskij Zurnal 38(3):432-442  
  • von Kéler. 1959. Zeitschrift für Parasitenkunde (Berlin) 19:375-410
  • Königsmann. 1960. Beiträge zur Entomologie 10:705-744
  • Zlotorzycka. 1962. Przegl. Zool. 6:66-68  
  • Eichler. 1963. In Bronn. Klassen and Ordnungen des Tierreichs.
  • Weidner. 1963. Mitt. naturw. Mus. Aschaffenburg. 11:1-28
  • Blackmore & D. G. Owen. 1969. In McDiarmid [Ed.]. Diseases in free-living wild animals. 199-220
  • Baccetti, Dallai & Rosati. 1969. Journal de Microscopie 8(2):251  
  • Clay, T. 1970. Bull. Br. Mus. Nat. Hist. (Ent.) 25:73-98 >> Note: Mallophaga probably not monophyletic.
  • Piotrowski. 1970. Parasit. Hung. 3:97-118
  • Eichler. 1971. Angewandte Parasitologie 12(1):38-52
  • Eichler. 1972. Wiadomosci Parazytologiczne 18(4):513-515  
  • Lakshminarayana. 1972. Angewandte Parasitologie 13(1):52-53
  • Eichler. 1972. Angewandte Parasitologie 13(2):91-99
  • Lucinska. 1972. Wiadomosci Parazytologiczne 18(4):535-536  
  • Zlotorzycka. 1972. Wiadomosci Parazytologiczne 18(4):517-523
  • Derylo. 1972. Wiadomosci Parazytologiczne 18(4):531-533
  • Derylo & Jarosz. 1972. Wiadomosci Parazytologiczne 18(1):113-119
  • Ward, R. A. 1977. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 55(Supp. 1):305-309
  • Derylo. 1978. Wiadomosci Parazytologiczne 24(6):647-659
  • Whitaker Jr. & R.J. Goff. 1979. Entomological News 90(1):23-25
  • Urban & Zlotorzycka. 1981. Angewandte Parasitologie 22(2):83-91
  • Saxena, G.P. Agarwal, S. Chandra & O.P. Singh. 1985. Zeitschrift für angewandte Entomologie 99(3):294-301
  • Zlotorzycka. 1985. Wiadomosci Parazytologiczne 31(4-6):519-521
  • Eichler. 1987. Wiadomosci Parazytologiczne 33(2):119-124
  • Modrzejewska. 1987. Wiadomosci Parazytologiczne 33(1):67-79
  • Otify. 1988. Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology 18(2):705-709
  • Chandra, S., G.P. Agarwal & Saxena. 1988. Angewandte Parasitologie 29(4):244-249
  • Dallai & Afzelius. 1991. Bollettino di Zoologia 58(3):211-216
  • Lonc & Zlotorzycka. 1992. Rudolstaedter Naturhistorische Schriften 4
  • Rékási & Kiss. 1994. Analele Stiin?ifice ale Institutului Delta Dunarii, Tulcea 3:101-110  
  • Rosciszewska, Petryszak, Bonczar & Duda. 1996. Wiadomosci Parazytologiczne 42(2):235-242
  • Zlotorzycka, Modrzejewska & Towarnicka. 1997. Wiadomosci Parazytologiczne 43(2):195-206
  • Cruickshank, Kevin P. Johnson, V. S. Smith, R. J. Adams, Clayton & Page. 2001. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 19(2):202-215
  • Rozsa. 2003. Allattani Kozlemenyek 88(2):3-29
  • Wappler. 2003. Clausthaler Geowissenschaften 2:i-viii, 1-240
  • Mey, E. 2003. Entomofauna Germanica 6:72-129
  • Gonzalez-Acuna, D. d C. Castro & Moreno-Salas. 2003. Gayana Zool. 67(1):118-120
  • Yoshizawa & Kevin P. Johnson. 2003. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 29(1)  
  • Price, R. D., Hellenthal, R. L. Palma, Kevin P. Johnson & Clayton. 2003. Illinois Natural History Survey Special Publication 24:13 >> Note: Key to suborders.
  • Marshall, I.K. 2003. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society of London 138(1):39-82
  • Barker, M.F. Whiting, Kevin P. Johnson & Murrell. 2003. Zoologica Scripta 32(5):407-414
  • Mey, E. 2003. Rudolstaedter Naturhistorische Schriften 11:115-134
  • Smith, V. S. 2003. Entomologische Abhandlungen (Dresden) 61(2):150-151
  • Johnson, Kevin P., Yoshizawa & V. S. Smith. 2004. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B, 271   >> Note: Phthiraptera made subinfraordinal group of Psocodea.
  • Yoshizawa & Kevin P. Johnson. 2006. Systematic Entomology 31(2):350-361
  • Adam. 2007. Travaux du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle "Grigore Antipa" 50:135-144  
  • Yoshizawa & Kevin P. Johnson. 2013. Genetica (Dordrecht) 141(10-12):491-499  
  • de Moya, Yoshizawa, Walden, Sweet, C. H. Dietrich & Kevin P. Johnson. 2021. Systematic Biology 70(4):735 >> Note: Lowered to infraorder.
• Scrutiny:
  • Heads, 2010, Phthiraptera (the parasitic lice) are traditionally considered an order separate from Psocoptera (the book and bark lice). However, recent phylogenetic studies have revealed the Psocoptera to be paraphyletic with respect to Phthiraptera and unite the two in a single order, Psocodea. Furthermore, some molecular and morphological analyses (e.g. Johnson et al. 2004; Yoshizawa & Johnson, 2006) suggest a relationship between the true lice and Nanopsocetae and note the questionable monophyly of Phthiraptera. Therefore, the group is included here within Nanopsocetae until more data become available. It is very likely that the classification adopted here will change as a result of ongoing phylogenetic work.

• parvorder Amblycera
• superfamily Gyropoidea
• superfamily Menoponoidea
• superfamily Ricinoidea
• family Echinoponidae Mey, 2019
• family †Mammalophagidae
• family Trimenoponidae
• parvorder Anoplura
• family Echinophthiriidae Enderlein, 1904
• family Enderleinellidae Ewing, 1929
• family Haematopinidae Enderlein, 1904
• family Hamophthiriidae Johnson, 1969
• family Hoplopleuridae Ewing, 1929
• family Hybopthiridae Ewing, 1929
• family †Khatamamammalophagidae
• family Linognathidae Webb, 1946
• family Microthoraciidae Kim & Lugwig, 1978
• family Neolinognathidae Fahrenholz, 1936
• family Pecaroecidae von Kéler, 1963
• family Pedicinidae Enderlein, 1904
• family Pediculidae Leach, 1817
• family Polyplacidae Fahrenholz, 1912
• family Pthiridae Ewing, 1929
• family Ratemiidae Kim & Lugwig, 1978
• genus Acanthopinus Mjoberg, 1910
• genus Ahaematopinus Ewing, 1929
• genus Bathyergicola Bedford, 1929
• genus Bedfordia Fahrenholz, 1936
• genus Ctenura Ewing, 1929
• genus Cyclophthirus Ewing, 1929
• genus Eremophthirius Ewing, 1935
• genus Eremophthirus Glinkiewicz, 1907
• genus Euhaematopinus Osborn, 1896
• genus Ferrisella Ewing, 1929
• genus Lutegus Fahrenholz, 1916
• genus Neumannellus Fahrenholz, 1916
• genus Petauristophthirus Eichler, 1949
• genus Phthirpedicinus Fahrenholz, 1912
• genus Phthirus Enderlein, 1904
• genus Symoca Fahrenholz, 1938
• genus Symysadus Fahrenholz, 1939
• genus Tupaiphthirus Chin, 1975
• genus Waterstonia Fahrenholz, 1938
• parvorder Ischnocera
• superfamily Philopteroidea
• parvorder Rhynchophthirina
• family Haematomyzidae Enderlein, 1904
• parvorder Trichodectera
• family Bovicolidae
• family Dasyonygidae
• family Trichodectidae
• family †Saurodectidae Rasnitsyn & Zherikhin, 1999
• genus †Saurodectes Rasnitsyn & Zherikhin, 1999
• genus Liotheum Nitzsch, 1818

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