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Taxa hierarchy  

parvorder Ischnocera

• Distribution:
  •  
• Ecology:
  • Terrestrial.
• Citations (13):
  • Kellogg. 1896. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 2 6:63 >> Note: New suborder.
  • von Kéler. 1963. In Brohmer, Ehrmann & Ulmer [Ed.]. Die Tierwelt Mitteleuropas 4(7b):3, 9 >> Note: Key to the suborders of Mallophaga. Key to the superfamilies.
  • Lakshminarayana. 1971. Angewandte Parasitologie 13(3):172
  • Haub. 1972. Zeitschrift für Morphologie und Ökologie der Tiere 73:254
  • Pilgrim. 1974. New Zealand Entomologist 4(3):72-79
  • Lakshminarayana. 1976. Angewandte Parasitologie 17(3):166   >> Note: Emendation of name from Ischnocera to Ischnocerophthirina, for consistency.
  • van den Broek. 1977. Wetenschappelijke Mede. K. Ned. Natuurh. Veren. 121:1-32
  • Agarwal, G.P. & S.A. Kumar. 1981. Angewandte Parasitologie 22(2):104-106
  • Kim, K. C., Emerson & Traub. 1990. In Kosztarab & C. W. Schaefer [Ed.]. Systematics of the North American Insects and Arachnids: status and needs 90(1):91-103
  • Johnson, Kevin P. & M.F. Whiting. 2002. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 22(1):101-110
  • Adam & Sandor. 2005. Travaux du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle "Grigore Antipa" 48:65-86
  • de Moya, Yoshizawa, Walden, Sweet, C. H. Dietrich & Kevin P. Johnson. 2021. Systematic Biology 70(4):735 >> Note: Made parvorder
  • Gustafsson, D.R., Najer, Zou & Bush. 2022. European Journal of Taxonomy 800:75 >> Note: Key to the ischnoceran lice known from bulbuls (Pycnonotidae Gray, 1840).
• Scrutiny:
  • Heads, 2010, Ischnocera are traditionally considered as a suborder of Phthiraptera. However, given that parasitic lice are derived from within the Troctomorpha, the group is included here as a 'superfamily group'. Ischnocera may have close affinities with Rynchophthirina and Anoplura (see Johnson et al. 2004 and Yoshizawa & Johnson, 2006).

• superfamily Philopteroidea
• family Goniodidae
• family Heptapsogastridae
• family Lipeuridae
• family Philopteridae Nitzsch, 1818
• family Trichophilopteridae
• subfamily Degeeriellinae
• subfamily Lipeurinae

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